Domestic Violence Charges – Blog 17:  Plea Bargaining in Family Assault Cases

December 29, 2020

By DFW Criminal Defense Lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal

(972) 369-0577

www.texasdefensefirm.com

Only 6% of state criminal cases go to jury trial.  That means 94% are disposed of some other way.  Those could be plea bargains or dismissals.  Some dismissals are by agreement where the defendant takes classes, performs community service and/or completes other tasks and is basically a plea bargain without actually resulting in a plea.

Courtroom lawyers love to talk-tough.  And I’m no exception because I eat nails for breakfast in the morning before dazzling every jury I see.  But what we don’t brag about much are our plea-bargains.  Plea bargaining doesn’t make wonderful fodder for lawyers web pages so you don’t hear lawyers talk about it much.  Again – 94% of cases don’t go to trial so even the lawyers who talk the meanest game in town plea bargain far more cases than they take to trial.  It’s just a fact.

Anyone who has come to see me about their case knows I analytically evaluate every case as if we are preparing for trial.  They teach us in law school to start with the jury charge and go backwards.  And I don’t wear my plea bargains on my sleeve either but candidly it’s where I do some of my best work of getting clients out of really bad jams.

Read here for an index to other domestic violence related blogs.

When Plea Bargaining Makes Sense

Domestic violence is an area where sometimes we simply can’t plead guilty.  It could trigger immigration, professional licensing, or other consequences we cannot accept.  So this is the first question – can the client afford the consequences of a guilty plea in a family violence case?

Pleading guilty or not guilty is always the client’s choice.  Some folks don’t have the stomach for trial.  Trial in a domestic violence case normally takes a day or two but can take a week or more.  I have fun in trial but that’s because I’m not worried about going to jail when it’s over and I’m not worried someone on the jury or someone who just wanders into the open courtroom might know me and post the affair on social media.  I discourage the idea of pleading guilty just to avoid a trial most likely in front of strangers but again – it’s my client’s choice and not mine.

Pleading guilty or no contest may also make sense in cases where I honestly tell my client the odds for an acquittal are long given the specific facts of any cases… and I go through a cost/benefit analysis with my client about the pros and cons of taking the case to trial.

Important Factors in Getting a Favorable Plea Bargain

When someone is pleading guilty or no contest (there is no legal difference which matters in criminal law) – they are accepting responsibility.  It’s important for folks to remember this.  If someone is going to take responsibility for the charges against them – then I always advise clients to do so sincerely, earnestly and whole-heartedly.

Beyond this if someone is going to take responsibility they also take on the onus of not only promising not to do it again but taking the affirmative actions necessary to make sure and guarantee it doesn’t happen again.  This may include accepting anger management, marriage counseling, or a batterer’s intervention program.

Often substance abuse and/or psychological disorders need to be addressed as part of the underlying causes.  So a person may need to accept evaluations along with follow-up recommendations.

If someone is willing to face their decisions and demons to make sure a domestic assault doesn’t happen again then it obviously bodes well for plea bargaining.

Ultimately plea bargaining is far more common than taking a case to trial though many of my colleagues pretend otherwise to the public and to one another.  It never hurts to have a good strategy of an exit-ramp in a case which can often be a plea bargain my client finds acceptable.

*Jeremy Rosenthal is certified in criminal law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization.  He has been designated as a Texas Super Lawyer by Thomson Reuters.


Domestic Violence Charges – Blog 12:  The Consent Defense (i.e. Mutual Combat)

December 23, 2020

By McKinney Criminal Defense Lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal

jeremy@texasdefensefirm.com

(972) 369-0577

Dallas Cowboys at “The Star” in Frisco put on their pads and helmets on a daily basis, go out onto a football field, and routinely intentionally, knowingly or recklessly cause bodily injury to one another.

We all know that’s not assault because when you put the pads on – you’re agreeing to allow another person to inflict pain.  The contact is welcomed.

This is the law school example of the consent defense to assault and it’s my topic today for my continuing series about defending domestic abuse cases.

Police refer to this as “mutual combat” but legally there is no real term for this in Texas.  The law in Texas calls it consent.

The Legal Definition of “Consent”

Use of force against another person isn’t criminal if the other person “effectively consented” or the person reasonably believed the other has “effectively consented.”  The conduct involved must be limited to bodily injury because a person cannot consent, as a matter of law, to aggravated assault (serious bodily injury).

“Effective consent” is defined in the negative.  We know what it’s not… Consent isn’t effective by reason of youth, mental disease or defect or intoxication.  Consent also isn’t effective if it was induced by force, threat or fraud.

So a person can be acquitted of assault — including domestic violence assault — if the jury is instructed on “consent” and the state fails to show beyond a reasonable doubt (1) the complaining witness did not ‘effectively consent’ to the assault and (2) the assault did not cause or threaten to cause serious bodily injury.

How Could this Possibly Apply in a Family Assault Situation?

An example I’ve given to clients countless times is this:  ever see two people stand toe to toe either in a bar or the high school gym?  What are they communicating to one another?  The answer is  BRING IT ON.  If I physically get in another person’s face, stare them down, and dare them to throw a punch at me — my view is I’ve invited physical contact.

And remember – what legally makes domestic assault is the affirmative finding of family violence done by a judge after either a person has plead guilty or a jury has convicted them of assault.  So all the legal defenses to assault are available to a person regardless of gender or family status.

Also many intimate relationships are reciprocally violent.  That is some couples fight one another on a regular basis and both partners are regularly the aggressor, the victim, or it’s indistinguishable.

Given this backdrop – the bar or schoolyard scenario can happen in a living room too.  It’s dysfunctional to be sure… but some couples engage in mutual combat.

Words enough cannot legally trigger self defense.  But words combined with physical manifestations of agreed contact are enough to trigger consent.

*Jeremy Rosenthal is certified in criminal law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization.  He is recognized as a Super Lawyer by Thomson Reuters.

 


Domestic Violence Charges – Blog 6: Impeding Breath or Circulation (Choking)

December 17, 2020

By Texas Criminal Defense Lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal

(972) 369-0577

jeremy@texasdefensefirm.com

In 2009 the Texas Legislature carved out the specific new criminal offense of choking and made it a 3rd degree felony.  Texas Penal Code 22.01(b)(2)(B) is today’s topic in my continuing series on defending domestic violence charges.

The prohibition against impeding breath or circulation of the airway is legally unique insofar as it is a departure from the charge from being result-oriented and makes it conduct oriented.

Tex.Pen.C. 22.01(b)(2)(B) reads accordingly:

…the offense is committed by intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly impeding the normal breathing or circulation of the blood of the person by applying pressure to the person’s throat or neck or by blocking the person’s nose or mouth.

Choking is Hard to Prove

A challenge prosecutors and police have is choking is a hard offense to prove medically or physically.  Only 16% of cases present with major significant medical injury according to one study.  62% of cases present with no visible injury at all and 22% of cases had only minor injuries such as red marks or scratching.  The experts I’ve heard testify in the field claim it’s due to the soft tissue and muscle in the neck.

Things I See In Choking Cases

When police go to the scene of a domestic situation – they know the law and they know what evidence they need to make an arrest.  They fish for magic words they need to make an arrest…

“Did it cause pain…?”

“Did the contact offend you…?”

“Did it impede your airway…?”

Police know choking is a higher charge and they’re specifically looking for this.  It’s not uncommon, then, for us to see pictures of complaining witness’ necks with little or no evidence of trauma.

Blind Lumpers

Another trend I’ve noticed in DV cases are what I call “blind lumpers.”  I’ve even written an article on it published in Texas Criminal Defense Lawyer’s Voice for the Defense Magazine.

A blind lumper is an expert witness who doesn’t know any specifics of the case (blind), and they lump all person’s charged with domestic violence into one neat and convenient pile (lumpers).

Translation:  a medical professional takes the witness stand and says “I don’t know anything about this case… but just because there’s no evidence of choking doesn’t make him innocent.”

This type of testimony — while true — is mainly calculated to take evidence of innocence (no marks on a neck) and turn it into a tie.  Do you know what the neck of someone who didn’t get choked would look like?  It wouldn’t show any marks either.

Impeding the Airway is a Legally Quirky Charge

A final note about choking cases is this – because it’s not result oriented, courts find it difficult to square it with other assault oriented offenses.

Here’s what I mean – because assault charges are typically result based, if the prosecution can’t prove the higher level assault they can often still prove a lesser one.  For example if the prosecution alleges aggravated assault because of serious bodily injury – but at trial the jury only believes there was bodily injury then the jury could still convict defendant if given the option for what is known as a lesser-included offense.

Because choking is focused on manner in which the assault occurred – the prosecution risks an all-or-nothing allegation at trial.

*Jeremy Rosenthal is certified in criminal law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization.  He is designated as a Texas Super Lawyer by Thomson Reuters.


Domestic Violence Charges – Blog 3: What Constitutes a Dating or Household Relationship?

December 14, 2020

By Texas Criminal Defense Lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal

(972) 369-0577

www.texasdefensefirm.com

There are two legal components to assault/ family violence cases.  The first I discussed yesterday when I generally outlined what the legal definition of assault was.  The second component is what constitutes a household or dating relationship?

If there is a “household or dating relationship” it triggers an “affirmative finding of family violence” or “AFFV”  This is what separates domestic assaults legally from ordinary assaults.  The AFFV is what gives spousal or domestic abuse the additional severity.

The Legalese of Affirmative Findings of Family Violence

Texas Code of Criminal Procedure Article 42.013 requires a court to make an affirmative finding of family violence if the offense constituted family violence under Texas Family Code. 71.004.

Turning to the definition of 71.004, family violence is defined as:

(1) an act by a member of a family or household against another member of the family or household that is intended to result in physical harm, bodily injury, assault, or sexual assault or that is a threat that reasonably places the member in fear of imminent physical harm, bodily injury, assault, or sexual assault, but does not include defensive measures to protect oneself;
(2) abuse, as that term is defined by Sections 261.001(1)(C), (E), (G), (H), (I), (J), (K), and (M), by a member of a family or household toward a child of the family or household; or
(3) dating violence, as that term is defined by Section 71.0021.
Digging into Tex.Fam.C. 71.0021, it is very clear the relationship includes persons who are currently engaged in a dating relationship as well as from a relationship in the past:
(a) “Dating violence” means an act, other than a defensive measure to protect oneself, by an actor that:
(1) is committed against a victim or applicant for a protective order:
(A) with whom the actor has or has had a dating relationship; or
(B) because of the victim’s or applicant’s marriage to or dating relationship with an individual with whom the actor is or has been in a dating relationship or marriage; and
(2) is intended to result in physical harm, bodily injury, assault, or sexual assault or that is a threat that reasonably places the victim or applicant in fear of imminent physical harm, bodily injury, assault, or sexual assault.
(b) For purposes of this title, “dating relationship” means a relationship between individuals who have or have had a continuing relationship of a romantic or intimate nature. The existence of such a relationship shall be determined based on consideration of:
(1) the length of the relationship;
(2) the nature of the relationship; and
(3) the frequency and type of interaction between the persons involved in the relationship.
(c) A casual acquaintanceship or ordinary fraternization in a business or social context does not constitute a “dating relationship” under Subsection (b).
In Plain English
In the vast majority of cases there is no issue as to whether this is domestic violence or not.  But the matter can get cloudy.  What about roommates?  There are no cases reported where a complaining witness is a roommate, but legally the point could be debatable.  Also, the term “family member” can mean adult children who no longer live within the house.  So a fistfight between adult siblings or parents at the family Christmas party could be considered domestic violence.
*Jeremy Rosenthal is certified in criminal law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization.  He is recognized as a Texas Super Lawyer by Thomson Reuters.

 

 

 


Domestic Violence Charges – Blog 2:  What is an Assault?

December 13, 2020

By Texas Criminal Defense Lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal

(972) 369-0577

www.texasdefensefirm.com

To understand domestic violence charges, it begins with understanding their main legal components.

There is an assault and along with the assault, the prosecution attempts to seek an affirmative finding of family violence.  The law and ingredients of assault itself do not change merely because of the relationship of the accuser and the accused.

My goal today is to give a very broad perspective on the assaultive component exclusively so the readers can understand generally how these codes work together in my continuing series about domestic violence charges.  Assault cases, however, each have unique nuances which could take them out of some of my broad generalizations.

Assault is a Result Based Offense

All crimes have what are known as elements – or units of proof.  Elements are a checklist of everything which must be proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt if the State is seeking a conviction.  Assault is generally covered by Texas Penal Code Chapter 22.  The assault family of criminal charges are easy to understand because with only a few exceptions – every element is the same except for one.  The element which is different is the result or what type of harm the assault inflicts.

The elements of assault in Texas are:

  • The defendant (identity);
  • on or about a certain date;
  • in the county where venue is sought;
  • in the state of texas;
  • Knowingly, intentionally or recklessly caused;
  • Some type of harm –
    • Offensive contact (class c misdemeanor – fine only)
    • Bodily injury (class a misdemeanor – up to 1 year county jail)
    • Serious bodily injury (2nd degree felony – 2 to 20 years TDC)
    • Death (Murder has it’s own family of charges – but homicide is essentially assault which causes death).

An example I give my clients is this:  Let’s say I punch someone in the arm.  If it just annoys the victim then I’ve committed a class c offensive contact assault.  If it causes them to say ouch then I’ve committed a class a assault with bodily injury.  If the punch causes them serious bodily injury then I’ve committed a 2nd degree felony (aggravated assault) and if the punch causes them to die, then I’ve committed some type of homicide.

The action remains the same – and only the result of the action is different.  But it is the result which dictates the level of charge hence assault is a result based offense.

Further Defining the Degrees of Harm

Offensive contact is legally defined as contact which would be considered offensive or provocative.  An example could be spitting on someone.  In reality we see “offensive contact” in cases where the police don’t think much of an assault so they list some type of grabbing or pushing as “offensive” rather than causing bodily injury.

Bodily injury is legally defined as physical pain, illness, or any impairment of physical condition.  Most domestic violence arrests fall in this category.

Serious bodily injury is defined as injury which creates a substantial risk of death or that causes death, serious permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.

Slight variations on Assault General Rules

A few charges were crafted differently by the legislature in Texas.  I’ll cover those later on in this series as well but assault by threat, assault by impeding breath or choking, and aggravated assault with a deadly weapon are also assault offenses but those are defined by the manner in which they are committed in addition to the result.

Assault Charges Allow for the Same Defenses

I’ll be discussing defenses to assault charges later in this series too.  But it is worth noting that all of the defenses to assault such as self defense or consent are to some degree applicable regardless of the result.

*Jeremy Rosenthal is certified in criminal law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization.  He is designated as a Texas Super Lawyer by Thomson Reuters.