Video of a Textbook Illegal Search

April 6, 2012

By Collin County Criminal Defense Lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal

texasdefensefirm.com

(972) 369-0577

Today I’m posting a video created by a guy driving home from a Star Trek convention with a buddy who was stopped by a police officer for an alleged minor traffic offense.  He and his friend spend the better part of an hour being harassed, manipulated and badgered by the officer.  It’s a textbook example of when an unsuspecting fly gets tangled in the web of a nasty spider and can’t get away.

You can watch the video here.

As a Criminal Defense Lawyer having dealt with many bad searches, here are a few things I think are important to point out about this stop/ video.

Situations Like This Rarely Come to Light in the First Place

The reason this type of harassment of citizens never really comes to light is because these guys are completely innocent.  They’ve got no reason to ever acquire, watch, or publish this video.  In fact, most people who go through something like this either just want to forget that it ever happened or were so intimidated by the experience that they simply walk away.

Another reason why this situation is seldom exposed is because when an officer does profile correctly and find marijuana, cocaine or methamphetamine — the citizens regard all the singing, dancing, and acting he did to get into the car as “great police work.”  Obviously what is ultimately found, if anything, doesn’t suddenly validate the illegality of the search.

This is an Extreme (but not unheard of) Scenario

This situation is extreme.  It’s very common to see stops for very thin reasons, and very common to see cops play delay games like “the computer is slow today”.  Getting a k-9 to give a false hit (if that’s really what happened) would be highly uncommon, and simply making up a reason altogether for the stop (if that is what really happened) would also be well out-of-bounds.  Police often reach or stretch for reasons to detain someone, but normally it’s based on at least a smidgen of good faith.

Why this Search Was Illegal

Courts have long struggled with these types of police games.  In United States v. Shabazz, 993 F.2d 431 (5th Cir. 1993) citing United States v. Guzman, 864 F.2d 1512, (10th Cir. 1988) the Fifth Circuit stated:

“An officer conducting a routine traffic stop may request a driver’s license and vehicle registration, run a computer check, and issue a citation. When the driver has produced a valid license and proof that he is entitled to operate the car, he must be allowed to proceed on his way, without being subject to further delay by police for additional questioning. In order to justify a temporary detention for questioning, the officer must also have reasonable suspicion of illegal transactions in drugs or of any other serious crime.”

Also, it’s a well known game to wait for the arrival of a K-9 unit in the event the detaining officer suspects drugs.

*Jeremy Rosenthal is Board Certified in Criminal Law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization and licensed by the Supreme Court of Texas. Nothing in this article is intended to be legal advice.  For legal advice about any situation you should contact an attorney directly.  Communications sent through this blog are not confidential, privileged, nor do they create an attorney-client relationship.


A Quick Guide to Texas Drug Possession Charges

January 30, 2011

By Collin County Criminal Defense Lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal

(972) 369-0577

texasdefensefirm.com

Chapter 481 of the Texas Health and Safety Code govern drug offenses in Texas.  Don’t bother trying to look it up.  It’s an impossible maze and you’d need a pharmacy degree to understand.  And even then it’s tough.  Here’s a quick and dirty guide:

Three Factors Determine Offense Level for Drug Possession

The main factors are; (1) the type of drug; (2) the amount; and (3) surrounding aggravating circumstances (such as drug-free zone or possession with intent to deliver.)

Penalty Groups

Drugs are classified into penalty groups and there is a special group for marijuana.  Though this isn’t a complete list, it should give you a good idea… and you can click on the link for a complete list of each penalty group:

Penalty Group 1: Cocaine, Heroine, Methamphetamine, Ketamine, Oxycodone and Hydrocodone (over 300 mg).

Penalty Group 1a: LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide).

Penalty Group 2: Ecstasy, PCP (Phencyclidine), Mescaline, Marinol,

Penalty Group 3: Valium, Xanex, Ritalin, and Hydrocodone (less than 300 mg.)

Penalty Group 4: Dionine (morphine), Motofen, Buprenorphine (an opioid), and Pyrovalerone.

Amounts:

Marijuana:

Usable Amount Less than 2 Ounces: Class B Misdemeanor.

Between 2 and 4 Oz.:  Class A Misdemeanor.

4 Oz. to 5 pounds:  State Jail Felony.

5lbs. to 50 lbs.:  3rd Degree Felony.

50 lbs. to 2,000 lbs.:  2nd Degree Felony.

Over 2,000 lbs.:  1st Degree Felony (Fine not to exceed $50,000)

Penalty Groups 1 & 2:

Less than 1 gram:  State Jail Felony.

Between 1 and 4 grams: 3rd Degree Felony

Between 4 and 200 grams (4 and 400 grams for Pen. Group 2): 2nd Degree Felony

Over 200 grams on Pen. Group 1 (over 400 grams for Pen. Group 2):  1st Degree Felony

400 grams or more (Pen. Group 1):  Enhanced 1st Degree Felony (10 years to 99).

Penalty Group 1A:

Less than 20 units: State jail felony

Between 20 and 80 units:  3rd Degree Felony

Between 80 and 4,000 units:  2nd Degree Felony

4,000 to 8,000 units:  1st Degree Felony

Over 8,000 Units:  Enhanced 1st Degree Felony

Penalty Group 3 &4

Less than 28 grams: Class A Misdemeanor.

28 to 200 grams: 3rd Degree Felony

200 grams to 400:  2nd Degree Felony

400 grams or more:  1st Degree Felony.

Aggravating Factors:

Aggravating factors can increase the punishment range.  The general rule of thumb is that an aggravating factor will enhance the punishment by one level.  Aggravating factors can be possession with intent to distribute or possession in a drug free zone.  For example, possession of marijuana of less than 2 ounces in a drug free zone is a Class A Misdemeanor instead of a Class B.

*Jeremy Rosenthal is Board Certified in Criminal Law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization and licensed by the Supreme Court of Texas. Nothing in this article is intended to be legal advice.  For legal advice about any specific issue you should consult an attorney directly.


How Drug Charges Get Enhanced in Texas

May 13, 2010

Police and prosecutors have many tools at their disposal to try and enhance drug cases to higher punishments. Because many off them still believe the only way to fight the war on drugs is to load our jails and prisons with everyday people — they can and do get very creative with how they attempt to maximize charges.

Drug Free Zones

Drug charges can be increased if the offense is alleged to have occurred in a “drug free zone.”  Drug free zones can be very complicated under the Health and Safety Code 481.134(a).  They obviously includes schools, but also includes playgrounds where there are three or more apparati.  Also included are facilities such as private day-care centers and even places such as public gyms that supervise children for an hour or so while their parents exercise!  There are other technical issues such as the degree of public access which make these issues very legally intensive.

Police can and do go to great measures to show that a drug offense was committed in a “drug free zone” even where the zone may be coincidental to the case.  Again, the code is complicated and merely because the police think it qualifies as a drug free zone doesn’t make it so.

Intent to Distribute

Although the statutory language differs with regards to the quantities and the substances involved, generally speaking, charges can be increased where a person, “knowingly manufactures, delivers, or possesses with intent to deliver” the contraband in question.  [See e.g. Health and Safety Code 481.112(a) dealing with penalty group 1.]

Police and prosecutors typically try to demonstrate this through surrounding circumstances such as quantity of the drugs found, whether there is paraphernalia which would suggest sales such as plastic baggies, scales, excessive cash, etc.  Obviously, sometimes police will attempt to observe actual drug transactions as well.

In summation, aggressive law enforcement and prosecutors can and do find many ways to try and increase punishment ranges for criminal drug cases.  Often times they over-reach, and this is where an experienced criminal drug defense lawyer can be of great assistance.

Jeremy F. Rosenthal, Esq.

(972) 562-7549

*Jeremy Rosenthal is Board Certified in Criminal Law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization and licensed by the Supreme Court of Texas. Nothing in this article should be considered legal advice.  For legal advice you should directly consult an attorney.