Plea Bargaining

November 26, 2012

By Collin County Criminal Defense Lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal

texasdefensefirm.com

(972) 369-0577

A criminal plea negotiation is like any other contractual bargaining discussion meaning at the very least it requires two parties to say “yes” to a singular outcome — or there isn’t a deal.

Prosecutors ask Defendants to waive many constitutional rights — the most important of which to them is a the Defendant’s right to a time and resource consuming trial.  The defendant typically (though not always) seeks certainty, leniency, or to “cut their losses” in plea negotiations.

Plea negotiations based on these bargaining positions are unfortunately a one-sided affair by their very nature.  The Defendant plays with real money and prosecutors play with monopoly money.

An accused has actual money to pay to his/her lawyer, has a possible criminal record in the balance which can cost them a job or income in the future, and obviously an accused has to weigh the possibility of going to prison in some circumstances.

On the other hand prosecutors typically lose very little by losing at trial.  In theory they are public servants and don’t want to be seen losing cases… but very few cases are high-profile enough where the DA’s office or their junior assistants fear any real public backlash.  Some prosecutors, unfortunately, actually see trying weak or bad cases as being tough on crime in their bizarro world because those same prosecutors clearly presume the accused guilty despite the weak evidence in the case.

What does work in an accused favor in plea negotiations is the prosecutors are handling anywhere between 750 and 2,000 cases per court at a time.  This means they’re often seeking the path of least resistance and they can’t possibly try or contest every single case.  They have a choice of being reasonable during plea negotiations or having their docket grind to a halt if they insist on never giving an inch regardless of the reason.

There are other effective ways for an accused to plea bargain.  Many prosecutors are fair and have a decent sense of what is just when presented with proof the accused deserves leniency or another chance.  Many other prosecutors, in contrast to one’s I’ve described above, rightly fear losing in a public forum.  Similarly, the cases a prosecutor fears losing also tend to be more problematic and time consuming for them.  I noticed as a prosecutor when cases were thoroughly researched and investigated by a defense lawyer, trying the case would be frustrating at the very least.  Whether I’d admit or not, my guess is I was more inclined to offer a favorable deal to get of rid such “problem-child” cases.

What does this mean if you’re accused of a crime?  It means you should have a lawyer prepared to do battle on two fronts.  The lawyer should thoroughly investigate the legal and factual defenses of your case… and as a backup, be able to demonstrate to the prosecutor the accused is worthy of leniency even if found to be guilty.

*Jeremy Rosenthal is Board Certified in Criminal Law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization and licensed by the Supreme Court of Texas. Nothing in this article is intended to be legal advice. For legal advice about any situation, you should contact an attorney directly.  Contacting the attorney through this forum does not create an attorney-client relationship and any such communications are not considered confidential nor privileged.


Collin County Pre-Trial Diversion Update (June, 2012)

June 22, 2012

By Collin County Criminal Defense Lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal

(972) 369-0577

texasdefensefirm.com

It’s been a while since I’ve written about the Collin County Pre-Trial Diversion program.

As a refresher, the pre-trial diversion program is a less formal probation offered under Tex.Code.Crim.P. 42.12.  In Collin County, a first-time offender may be offered the opportunity to enter the pre-trial diversion program which would result in the underlying charges to be dismissed and eventually expunged.

The Collin County District Attorney’s Office has made this alternative more available in the past few years for certain categories of cases.  Most qualifying cases tend to be misdemeanor theft and drug cases though those charges are not exclusively considered.  While the diversion program is available for felonies, selection of felony cases for diversion has been extremely selective. Diversion is not offered for DWI or DUI charges.

The program has endured some growing pains but remains an excellent avenue towards clearing one’s record.  The current process is that a defendant’s attorney must first apply and be approved by the District Attorney’s Office.  After receiving approval from the DA’s office, a candidate is sent paper-work to be reviewed with their attorney.  The candidate is then required to personally make an appointment with the probation officer who conducts a final interview and decides if the candidate is admitted into the pre-trial diversion program.

Generally speaking a candidate is usually accepted into the program at the interview — but not always (a point they make repeatedly).  The interviewer, however, can reject the application.  The criterion for such rejection can be rather vague but probably hinges on the needs of the person entering the program in relation to the current load of the program.

The program isn’t perfect, but from a practitioner’s standpoint seems to have a high success rate for those who are accepted and remains a useful option.

*Jeremy Rosenthal is Board Certified in Criminal Law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization and licensed by the Supreme Court of Texas. Nothing in this article is intended to be legal advice.  For legal advice about any situation you should contact an attorney directly.


Big Wins for 2011

January 10, 2012

By Dallas and Collin County Criminal Defense Lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal

(972) 562-7549

texasdefensefirm.com

It’s been a fun year and it seems like I was in trial virtually every week — and it’s frequently the case to have more than one judge fighting over where I’m going to be that week!

It’s also hard to pare down some of my favorites from this year to fit into one blog, but here it goes in no particular order:

Victory 1

Charge: DWI

Facts: Defendant was taking someone home who was clearly impaired — likely from illegal drugs.  Defendant became combative with police  after lengthy interrogation and was eventually wrestled to the ground during the arrest.  Defendant was clearly agitated at the police station and was taped ‘flipping off’ the officer standing off camera.

Theory:  Defendant simply wasn’t intoxicated.  Defendant performed well on field sobriety tests and the officer was being manipulative and harassing.  Only when Defendant passed all of the tests did he become agitated with the officer who initiated hostilities.  While off camera, the officer was making faces at Defendant which is why Defendant flipped him off.

Outcome: Not Guilty verdict after approx. 15 minute jury deliberation.

Victory 2

Charge:  Aggravated Assault/ Unlawful Restraint

Facts:   Father and 18-year old son got into a fight at home.  During the fight, the two rolled over a glass table which severely lacerated the 18-year old’s leg.  At the hospital, the doctors called the police who separated the members of the family and interrogated father.  The father, having nothing to hide, told his story to the police and was arrested for aggravated assault and unlawful restraint.

Theory:  Although a ‘victim’ cannot legally consent to aggravated assault, the fighting in question was mutual in nature and the injury wasn’t severe enough to warrant felony charges.

Result:  Case dismissed.

Victory 3

Charge:  Possession of Marijuana

Facts:  Male and female students studying in a room on the side of the house.  Neighbor calls police for noise/ possible drug use complaint.  Officer comes to the side of the house, orders the male (resident of the house) to open the front door of the house… and while already inside of the house intimidates the male to allow a search of his room to which he consents.  Marijuana found in bag belonging to female (Client).

Theory:  The officer’s search of the house was an illegal warrantless search of a home because he ordered the resident to allow him inside.  Additionally, the female had an expectation of privacy in the bedroom and in her purse such that a search of her purse required her consent which was not attained.

Result:  Search found to be illegal and all evidence attained was suppressed.  Not Guilty verdict at trial for female.  Male’s case subsequently dismissed as well — with a gracious thank you from his lawyer!

Victory 4

Charge: DWI

Facts:  Officer arrested defendant after 911 caller notified police of erratic driving.  Client failed field sobriety tests according to officer and was arrested.

Theory:  Officer lied to client to manipulate him into taking field sobriety tests.  Also, the officer himself was unsure due to the length of his own deliberation.  It was an extremely cold night and client was clearly in physical discomfort while taking the field sobriety tests.  Officer admitted lie to the jury and also admitted it was a close case.

Result:  Not Guilty verdict.

Victory 5

Charge:  Aggravated Robbery with a Deadly Weapon

Facts:  Four residents of an apartment were robbed at gunpoint late in the night.  Three intruders knocked on the door and forced their way into the apartment.  The intruders tied up the residents in their separate rooms and rummaged through their belongings stealing cash and various other items.  Client’s fingerprints discovered in the apartment and client was identified in photo-lineup by at least one of the victims.  Client was the only person tried for the offense.

Theory:  The apartment may have been a drug house due to the excessive cash on hand and due to the fact they would expect visitors late in the evening.  The residents also were transient workers of a local restaurant that didn’t know one another very well.  Not all the residents were present in the apartment during the robbery and some didn’t cooperate with police.  Based on those facts, there could be a number of reason’s client’s fingerprints might be in the apartment unbeknownst to the victims testifying.  Additionally, the fingerprints were found on a small, portable cell phone box which had clearly been handled by complete strangers prior to the time they were purchased by the victim.  During trial it was revealed the police agency did not know and was indifferent to recent federal guidelines on conducting photo-lineups.  The identification by the witness revealed to be very shaky on cross-examination.

Result:  Not Guilty on 4 counts of Aggravated Robbery with Deadly Weapon

Victory 6

Charge:  DWI — breath test over 0.08

Facts:  Client pulled over for small traffic infraction.  Client was out with group of friends that had been drinking and was driving them home.  Officer administered field sobriety tests and made determination defendant was intoxicated.

Theory:  Client may have had test score over 0.08, however, the facts in his case from the time he last ate and drank, combined with his height and weight made it possible — if not likely — that his blood was actually below 0.08 at the time he was pulled over.

Result:  Not Guilty verdict

Victory 7

Charge:  Attempted Aggravated Sexual Assault of a Child

Facts:  Accuser made outcry of sexual abuse by her father when she was 3 or 4 years old.  Victim was 16 at the time of the outcry.  Accuser made specific detailed allegations about an incident where she alleges client sexually abused her in her bedroom.  Client had also been charged with a sex crime in the same time vicinity of the outcry.

Theory:  Defense showed the nature of the strained relationship between the accuser and her father.  Defense also showed how the accused’s mother — long since divorced from client — had systematically and thoroughly poisoned the accuser against the father.  Defense showed how through negligent investigation accuser learned the facts of the other sex case investigation.  Finally Defense called expert in memory and family psychology to explain to the jury that the memory of the abuse by the accuser was inconsistent with how children her age remember things.  Children that are 3 or 4 probably cannot recall things chronological order because at that age they probably haven’t learned the concept of time.  The expert also explained to the jury that the constant poisoning of the accuser and the accuser’s knowledge of the other investigation could explain or compound the false memory.

Result:  Not Guilty verdict on Attempted Aggravated Sexual Assault of a Child

Victory 8

Charge:  DWI — 0.19 breath test score

Facts:  Client followed by 911 caller to a gas station.  At the gas station, client exists and goes back into car.  Police arrive and conduct DWI investigation.  Defendant arrested and blows 0.19 at the police station.

Theory:  Client’s intoxication might not have been prior to the time of driving.  There was a long waiting period in between the driving and the police contact where client (unseen by 911 caller) may have been consuming alcohol.  Breath test score not admitted into evidence due to our objection based on law.

Result:  Not Guilty verdict

Victory 9

Charge:  DWI — 0.14 Blood Alcohol Concentration

Facts:  Client was at a wedding on a Saturday night.  While heading home, he had a single car accident.  Client was at the scene when emergency responders and police arrived.  Client admitted to driving vehicle and thought he was somewhere completely different than where he was.  Police conducted field sobriety tests then applied for a blood warrant.  Blood revealed a concentration of 0.14.

Theory:  Blood warrant affidavit was unreliable and therefore should be thrown out along with the blood result.  The other symptoms of confusion and/or intoxication were due to the car accident in question.

Result:  Blood evidence suppressed/ Not Guilty verdict at trial.

Victory 10

Charge: DWI — 0.18 Blood Alcohol Concentration

Facts:  Client was followed by 911 caller who observed car crash.  Police investigate crash and do field sobriety tests on client who has dazed memory, had nausea, no balance, and was sleepy.  Client takes breath test and scores 0.18 blood alcohol level.

Theory:  Breath test score thrown out because of improper procedure.  Evidence shown to jury that client suffered from concussions sustained when playing high school football. All symptoms of facts also consistent with concussions as well as intoxication.

Result:  Hung jury (I normally wouldn’t include this as a victory, but it was a really fun one!)

*Jeremy Rosenthal is Board Certified in Criminal Law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization and licensed by the Supreme Court of Texas. Nothing in this article is intended to be legal advice.  Past results are not promises or guarantees of future results.  For legal advice about any situation, you should contact an attorney directly.  Contacting the attorney through this forum does not create an attorney-client relationship.  Communications submitted through this forum are not confidential.


Prostitution Law in Texas

November 20, 2011

By Collin County Criminal Defense Lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal

(972) 369-0577

texasdefensefirm.com

Texas Penal Code 43.02 governs prostitution and it states,

(a) A person commits an offense if he knowingly:

(1)  offers to engage, agrees to engage, or engages in sexual conduct for a fee; or

(2)  solicits another in a public place to engage with him in sexual conduct for hire.

(b)  An offense is established under Subsection (a)(1) whether the actor is to receive or pay a fee. An offense is established under Subsection (a)(2) whether the actor solicits a person to hire him or offers to hire the person solicited.

Prostitution is a class b misdemeanor unless the person has two or more previous convictions for prostitution in which case it is a class a misdemeanor.  It is a state jail felony if the person has been convicted three or more times.

Obviously the offense is considered the same by law whether the ‘actor’ is the person purchasing or selling the sexual conduct.  Despite prostitution being known as “the worlds oldest profession,” a prostitution charge is highly stigmatizing and should be taken extremely seriously.  These prosecutions often come from sting operations which can often border on entrapment.  An experienced attorney would be able to review every angle of the case and plan an aggressive defense.

*Jeremy Rosenthal is Board Certified in Criminal Law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization and licensed by the Supreme Court of Texas. Nothing in this article is intended to be legal advice.  Contacting the author through this forum does not constitute an attorney-client communication.  Any communication through this forum is not considered privileged.


5 Reasons Not to Testify in Your Own Defense

October 1, 2011

By Collin County Criminal Lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal

(972) 369-0577

texasdefensefirm.com

The U.S. Constitution and Texas Code of Criminal Procedure 38.08 guarantee a person on trial the right to testify in their own defense.  38.08 reads, “Any defendant in a criminal action shall be permitted to testify in his own behalf therein, but the failure of any defendant to so testify shall not be taken as a circumstance against him, nor shall the same be alluded to or commented on by counsel in the cause.”

The vast majority of experienced criminal defense lawyers will advise their clients against testifying in the vast majority of cases.  There are many reasons why defense lawyers think this way and here are just some:

1.  It is virtually impossible to convince someone you are innocent of a crime.

We assume that people listening to us are open minded and can be persuaded with our honest nature and straight-forward approach — but like most assumptions, it’s wrong much of the time.  Our founding father’s knew a lot about human nature and our natural rush to judge people.  They knew that people rarely believe someone that claims they are innocent, so why even bother with the charade?  It only endangers the citizens more to have a star chamber system of government.  Putting the burden of proof on the government and forcing them to prove their case is simply the fairest way to have a trial.

2.  There is no “right way” to behave when you’re testifying.

Obviously you should be yourself when if you are testifying, but you have to consider the audience.  In act 3, scene 2 of Hamlet, Queen Gertrude says about someone professing their innocence, “…The lady doth protest too much, methinks.”  This just means that if you assert your innocence very aggressively — people think you’re lying.  And here’s more bad news… if your voice shakes when you testify — people also could think you’re lying.  People an also think you’re lying if you make too much eye contact, make too little eye contact, look at the floor, look at the judge, look at someone in the audience, look at your lawyer, look at the alleged victim (if any) and on and on and on.  The bottom line is that professing your innocence can work — but it’s usually a lose-lose situation.  Psychologists teach us that not even the best law enforcement personnel around can detect lies by looking at someone’s facial expressions.  Jurors are even worse!  What one person was raised to believe is a truthful expression is a lie to someone else — and vice versa.

3.  Prosecutors have a built-in cross examination advantage.

They can accuse you of lying on the witness stand to beat the rap!  Not only that, but prosecutors know what they’re doing and can ask “do you still beat your wife” questions to which there is no right answer.  You shift the burden from the prosecutor to yourself and the jury is no longer weighing the merit’s of the state’s case — they’re evaluating you.  Testifying in your own defense can be an all or nothing gamble.

4.  Juries Really Don’t Hold it Against You.

Juries are actually very good at not holding it against you if you don’t testify.  Most courthouses have videos they show the juries which discuss someone’s right to remain silent before they get into the courtroom.  Then the trial judge normally goes over the right not to testify.  Then most prosecutors go over the right not to testify for no other reason than they want to seem fair.  Then your lawyer gets to go over your right not to testify during jury selection and disqualify anyone that demands to hear your side of the story.  Jurors have this singular point drilled into their skulls all day and all week long.  My experience after trials when visiting with jurors is that they’re actually quite good at compartmentalizing and ignoring the Defendant if they didn’t testify.

5.  To limit damaging testimony.

You always have to testify honestly and no lawyer should ever tell you otherwise nor would any good lawyer imply that it’s OK for you to bend the truth.  If the truth is that you’re guilty then you obviously shouldn’t testify and it’s a wiser strategy to force the prosecution to prove your guilt beyond all reasonable doubt.  Also, if you have difficult facts to explain or some things in your history would look bad to a jury — then staying off the witness stand may be a good idea as well depending on your case.

When You Should Testify

When your lawyer tells you!  If I advise a client to testify, it is normally because there is some piece of evidence which is important to our theory which I cannot get before the jury any other way than through my client.  Also, many affirmative defenses are very difficult to legally raise with out testifying on your own behalf.

Listen to your lawyer’s advice with regards to testifying in your own defense.  They will clearly have a good understanding of the facts in your case and the experience to know whether it’s the right choice.

*Jeremy Rosenthal is Board Certified in Criminal Law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization and licensed by the Supreme Court of Texas. Nothing in this article is intended to be legal advice.  For legal advice about any situation you should contact an attorney directly.  Contacting the attorney through this post does not constitute a privileged communication and an attorney-client relationship is not established by any such communication.