Domestic Violence Charges – Blog 17:  Plea Bargaining in Family Assault Cases

December 29, 2020

By DFW Criminal Defense Lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal

(972) 369-0577

www.texasdefensefirm.com

Only 6% of state criminal cases go to jury trial.  That means 94% are disposed of some other way.  Those could be plea bargains or dismissals.  Some dismissals are by agreement where the defendant takes classes, performs community service and/or completes other tasks and is basically a plea bargain without actually resulting in a plea.

Courtroom lawyers love to talk-tough.  And I’m no exception because I eat nails for breakfast in the morning before dazzling every jury I see.  But what we don’t brag about much are our plea-bargains.  Plea bargaining doesn’t make wonderful fodder for lawyers web pages so you don’t hear lawyers talk about it much.  Again – 94% of cases don’t go to trial so even the lawyers who talk the meanest game in town plea bargain far more cases than they take to trial.  It’s just a fact.

Anyone who has come to see me about their case knows I analytically evaluate every case as if we are preparing for trial.  They teach us in law school to start with the jury charge and go backwards.  And I don’t wear my plea bargains on my sleeve either but candidly it’s where I do some of my best work of getting clients out of really bad jams.

Read here for an index to other domestic violence related blogs.

When Plea Bargaining Makes Sense

Domestic violence is an area where sometimes we simply can’t plead guilty.  It could trigger immigration, professional licensing, or other consequences we cannot accept.  So this is the first question – can the client afford the consequences of a guilty plea in a family violence case?

Pleading guilty or not guilty is always the client’s choice.  Some folks don’t have the stomach for trial.  Trial in a domestic violence case normally takes a day or two but can take a week or more.  I have fun in trial but that’s because I’m not worried about going to jail when it’s over and I’m not worried someone on the jury or someone who just wanders into the open courtroom might know me and post the affair on social media.  I discourage the idea of pleading guilty just to avoid a trial most likely in front of strangers but again – it’s my client’s choice and not mine.

Pleading guilty or no contest may also make sense in cases where I honestly tell my client the odds for an acquittal are long given the specific facts of any cases… and I go through a cost/benefit analysis with my client about the pros and cons of taking the case to trial.

Important Factors in Getting a Favorable Plea Bargain

When someone is pleading guilty or no contest (there is no legal difference which matters in criminal law) – they are accepting responsibility.  It’s important for folks to remember this.  If someone is going to take responsibility for the charges against them – then I always advise clients to do so sincerely, earnestly and whole-heartedly.

Beyond this if someone is going to take responsibility they also take on the onus of not only promising not to do it again but taking the affirmative actions necessary to make sure and guarantee it doesn’t happen again.  This may include accepting anger management, marriage counseling, or a batterer’s intervention program.

Often substance abuse and/or psychological disorders need to be addressed as part of the underlying causes.  So a person may need to accept evaluations along with follow-up recommendations.

If someone is willing to face their decisions and demons to make sure a domestic assault doesn’t happen again then it obviously bodes well for plea bargaining.

Ultimately plea bargaining is far more common than taking a case to trial though many of my colleagues pretend otherwise to the public and to one another.  It never hurts to have a good strategy of an exit-ramp in a case which can often be a plea bargain my client finds acceptable.

*Jeremy Rosenthal is certified in criminal law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization.  He has been designated as a Texas Super Lawyer by Thomson Reuters.


Domestic Violence Charges – Blog 2:  What is an Assault?

December 13, 2020

By Texas Criminal Defense Lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal

(972) 369-0577

www.texasdefensefirm.com

To understand domestic violence charges, it begins with understanding their main legal components.

There is an assault and along with the assault, the prosecution attempts to seek an affirmative finding of family violence.  The law and ingredients of assault itself do not change merely because of the relationship of the accuser and the accused.

My goal today is to give a very broad perspective on the assaultive component exclusively so the readers can understand generally how these codes work together in my continuing series about domestic violence charges.  Assault cases, however, each have unique nuances which could take them out of some of my broad generalizations.

Assault is a Result Based Offense

All crimes have what are known as elements – or units of proof.  Elements are a checklist of everything which must be proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt if the State is seeking a conviction.  Assault is generally covered by Texas Penal Code Chapter 22.  The assault family of criminal charges are easy to understand because with only a few exceptions – every element is the same except for one.  The element which is different is the result or what type of harm the assault inflicts.

The elements of assault in Texas are:

  • The defendant (identity);
  • on or about a certain date;
  • in the county where venue is sought;
  • in the state of texas;
  • Knowingly, intentionally or recklessly caused;
  • Some type of harm –
    • Offensive contact (class c misdemeanor – fine only)
    • Bodily injury (class a misdemeanor – up to 1 year county jail)
    • Serious bodily injury (2nd degree felony – 2 to 20 years TDC)
    • Death (Murder has it’s own family of charges – but homicide is essentially assault which causes death).

An example I give my clients is this:  Let’s say I punch someone in the arm.  If it just annoys the victim then I’ve committed a class c offensive contact assault.  If it causes them to say ouch then I’ve committed a class a assault with bodily injury.  If the punch causes them serious bodily injury then I’ve committed a 2nd degree felony (aggravated assault) and if the punch causes them to die, then I’ve committed some type of homicide.

The action remains the same – and only the result of the action is different.  But it is the result which dictates the level of charge hence assault is a result based offense.

Further Defining the Degrees of Harm

Offensive contact is legally defined as contact which would be considered offensive or provocative.  An example could be spitting on someone.  In reality we see “offensive contact” in cases where the police don’t think much of an assault so they list some type of grabbing or pushing as “offensive” rather than causing bodily injury.

Bodily injury is legally defined as physical pain, illness, or any impairment of physical condition.  Most domestic violence arrests fall in this category.

Serious bodily injury is defined as injury which creates a substantial risk of death or that causes death, serious permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.

Slight variations on Assault General Rules

A few charges were crafted differently by the legislature in Texas.  I’ll cover those later on in this series as well but assault by threat, assault by impeding breath or choking, and aggravated assault with a deadly weapon are also assault offenses but those are defined by the manner in which they are committed in addition to the result.

Assault Charges Allow for the Same Defenses

I’ll be discussing defenses to assault charges later in this series too.  But it is worth noting that all of the defenses to assault such as self defense or consent are to some degree applicable regardless of the result.

*Jeremy Rosenthal is certified in criminal law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization.  He is designated as a Texas Super Lawyer by Thomson Reuters.


False Report to Peace Officer In Domestic Assault Cases

August 10, 2010

By Dallas and Collin County Criminal Defense Lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal

(972) 562-7549

texasdefensefirm.com

It is illegal in Texas for a person to make a false report to a peace officer or a law enforcement employee.  Texas Penal Code 37.08 is the governing statute.  That provision states,

“(a)  A person commits an offense if, with intent to deceive, he knowingly makes a false statement that is material to a criminal investigation and makes the statement to:

“(1)  a peace officer conducting the investigation; or

“(2)  any employee of a law enforcement agency that is authorized by the agency to conduct the investigation and that the actor knows is conducting the investigation.

“(b)  In this section, “law enforcement agency” has the meaning assigned by Article 59.01, Code of Criminal Procedure.

“(c)  An offense under this section is a Class B misdemeanor.

A common situation where this law comes into play is in assault/ family violence cases.  Often, alleged victims of an assault will seek to retract or deny having made a previous statement to law enforcement.  In those situations, they could actually be exposing themselves to criminal liability for making a false statement.

It is not uncommon in assault/ family violence situations for alleged victims to seek counsel of their own (not the same attorney representing their spouse charged with assault) if they retract their original statement or admit under oath that their original statement was false.  The alleged victim has important rights in this scenario as well and a lawyer can help protect them from incurring legal liability themselves in these cases.

*Jeremy Rosenthal is Board Certified in Criminal Law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization and licensed by the Supreme Court of Texas. Nothing in this article should be considered legal advice.  For specific legal advice for any specific situation you should directly consult an attorney.


What is Hearsay?

July 31, 2010

By Collin County Criminal Defense Lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal

(972) 369-0577

texasdefensefirm.com

As a general rule, if a witness on the stand is repeating what someone else said who isn’t testifying in a case… there are hearsay issues.  In trial you have a constitutional right to cross examine someone testifying against you — but you can’t effectively cross examine someone who isn’t there.

For starters, a short blog can’t possibly do the concept of hearsay any justice. Hearsay is one of the hardest topics in evidence and is heavily covered on the multistate bar exam.

The hearsay rule can block damaging statements from being admitted into evidence at a criminal trial. In some cases, such as assault/ family violence cases, the entire outcome can rest on a single hearsay objection. Yeah… It’s THAT important.

The legal definition of hearsay is, “a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.”. Clear as mud, right?

For example… Let’s say person A is on trial for theft from a retail store.  At trial, the clerk who was there during the incident isn’t present at trial for whatever reason.  Instead, the prosecutor calls a police officer who came after the fact and made a report.  If the policeman relayed the observations of the clerk (such as A did this, A did that, or A hid something in a bag), this would be impermissible hearsay.  This is because A has a right to cross-examine the clerk directly about the clerk’s observations.  The law recognizes when one witness relays what is said by someone out of court — it acts as a shield protecting the out of court declarant — and the out of court declarant’s true observations cannot be tested in front of the jury deciding the case.

Hearsay shouldn’t be confused with what is known as an “admission.”. An admission is a statement made by the accused and is non-hearsay.

Again, I can’t emphasize enough how difficult a concept hearsay can be. The U.S. Supreme Court is still constantly refining how the rules work and the Texas Legislature devoted an entire chapter of the Texas Rules of Evidence to the concept of hearsay. It’s important to have a lawyer that understands it too.

*Jeremy Rosenthal is Board Certified in Criminal Law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization and licensed by the Supreme Court of Texas. Nothing in this article is intended to be legal advice. For legal advice you should consult an attorney directly.


What is Aggravated Assault in Texas?

June 26, 2010

By Collin County Criminal Defense Lawyer Jeremy Rosenthal

texasdefensefirm.com

(972) 369-0577

Aggravated assault can happen one of two ways.  For either way, an assault must be committed pursuant to Tex.Pen.C 22.01 AND one of the following two circumstances must have occurred:

1.  the person causes serious bodily injury to another, including the person’s spouse; or

2.  uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault.

“Serious bodily injury” is defined by Texas Penal Code Section 1.07(46) as, “bodily injury that creates a substantial risk of death or that causes death, serious permanent disfigurement, or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.”

Aggravated assault is a 2nd degree felony and carries with it a prison term of between 2 and 20 years in the Texas Department of Corrections and a fine not to exceed $10,000.

Aggravated assault can be a 1st degree felony where the accused utilizes a deadly weapon during the assault and causes bodily injury to a member of their family or someone they are in a dating relationship with.

Though there are obviously many factual variations of how an aggravated assault can take place, they usually occur when a normal assault under Penal Code 22.01(1) causes injury above and beyond ordinary bodily injury (hence rising to the level of serious bodily injury), or (2) is an instance where someone is threatened with immanent bodily injury (22.01(2)) — and a deadly weapon is used or exhibited when that person was threatened.

Another big issue in aggravated assault cases is often what constitutes a “deadly weapon.”  Under Texas Penal Code Section 1.07(17) as (A) a firearm or anything manifestly designed, made, or adapted for the purpose of inflicting death or serious bodily injury; or (B) anything that in the manner of its use or intended use is capable of causing death or serious bodily injury.

The first definition is somewhat clear as to what constitutes a deadly weapon, but the entire issue of an aggravated assault case often turns on the definition of subsection (B) above.  For example, a rock, candlestick, or any other object you can think of could be argued to qualify as a deadly weapon based on how it was being used at the time of the alleged assault.

In either event, an aggravated assault is an extremely serious charge and should never be taken lightly.  You should seek skilled legal representation.

*Jeremy Rosenthal is Board Certified in Criminal Law by the Texas Board of Legal Specialization and licensed by the Supreme Court of Texas. Nothing in this article is intended to be legal advice.  For legal advice about any specific case you should consult with an attorney directly.